The Trail of Broken Treaties was a car caravan organized by several Native American organizations, including AIM. Mary participated in several historic protests with AIM, including as the Trail of Broken Treaties and the Occupation of Wounded Knee. It quickly grew to address the civil rights of indigenous tribes across North America. The movement was founded in 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota with the original purpose of addressing the police brutality and systemic poverty that urban Native Americans faced. Mary’s memoir Lakota Woman recounts her involvement with the American Indian Movement (AIM). Mary died at the age of 58 in California. Erdoes also helped Mary publish her second book, Ohitika Woman, in 1993. She published Lakota Woman, her first book, in 1990 with the help of Richard Erdoes, an artist, writer, and activist who was a long-time friend of Mary’s. In addition to her birth name and the name she took after her marriage to Leonard Crow Dog, she is also known as Mary Brave Bird and Mary Brave Woman Olguin. Throughout her life, Mary went by several names. The couple later divorced, and in 1991, Mary married Rudy Olguin. Shortly after the Occupation of Wounded Knee, Mary married Leonard. She felt called to join the movement and participated in several historical events, such as the Trail of Broken Treaties and the 1973 Occupation of Wounded Knee, where she gave birth to her first child, Pedro. Mary first encountered the American Indian Movement (AIM) in her late teens, when she heard Leonard Crow Dog (her future husband) speak at an event. Francis Boarding School, a Catholic missionary school that forced its Lakota students to practice Christianity and assimilate to white American culture. Her biological father left Mary’s mother before Mary was born, and Mary was primarily raised by her grandparents.
A member of the Sicangu tribe (one of the seven Lakota tribes), Mary grew up on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Mary Crow Dog was born Mary Ellen Moore-Richard on September 26, 1954.
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